Est 310.2.1-05 (Company Q)

EST1 – Ethical Situations in Business A small local grocery stores disadvantages in a metropolitan areas EST1 Task 1 Being a small, local grocery store chain in a major metropolitan area does not come without its challenges. National and regional chains are frequently forcing small and locally owned stores to close their doors.For this reason, as well as the huge obligations to the social responsibilities required by their communities and customers alike pushes both the small business owner as well as the larger corporations to be able to adjust their organizations goals and objectives to balance not only their goal to be profit driven but to also be socially and ethically perceptive with the way they conduct business and operate their stores. Recently Company Q has chosen to close two store locations that operated in areas where crime rates were statistically higher within the city.The store closures are being driven by consistent losses the stores experienced year over year. If the stores have consistently lost money year over year, we need to analyze the reasons as to why. To take the social responsible approach at analyzing this question; we would first need to understand our customer demographic for each of the geographical locations. For example, if one of our stores is located in a highly populated Hispanic neighborhood and we are promoting Ethnic Asian foods, we could not expect these foods to sell at the same rate as we would handmade corn tortillas.Taking an ethical and cultural marketing approach to sell foods that are Hispanic-centric strongly supports the business and ethical approach that would be needed for our store to successfully show a profit. When we stop to understand our customer demographics and their communities in which they live, we then can recognize what is needed for our business to prosper within the community. After many years of customer requests Company Q, began offering a limited selection of health conscience and organi c products in their stores.Offering organic and environmentally friendly products in response to our customers’ requests is a large step in forming a social contract with our customers instead of merely offering then what we feel they need. Soliciting feedback from our customers provides us with the means to understand what they want and what they need. Offering a high end products to our customers that neither have the financial ability to afford the high costs that accompany high end products, nor do they have the desire to purchase these products to help Company Q’s bottom line.In fact it will actually drive our results in the opposite direction. Our product choices must be targets to the consumer within our communities. Ethnic foods must be customary to the neighborhoods in which they are being offered. The marketing of our stores in cultural or racially specific communities must be stocked with the products that meet the needs of our customers in those communities . It takes very minimal effort to understand our customers, but that minimal effort makes the difference between a store being successful or failing.There are multiple sources that can be used to help us understand our customer’s cultural and social desires. To gain a simple understanding of the cultural needs for a Hispanic – centric neighborhood can begin with a simple Google search on Hispanic Market Research. For example when preforming the following Google search we learned. â€Å"Market Research Hispanics† â€Å"According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the terms Hispanic (and Latino) refer to people â€Å"whose origins are from Spain, the Spanish-speaking countries of Central or South America, the Caribbean, or those identifying themselves generally as Spanish, Spanish-American, etc.Origin can be viewed as ancestry, nationality, or country of birth of the person or person’s parents or ancestors prior to their arrival in the United States. † His panics can be of any race. There are more than 48 million Hispanics in the United States. Latinos now account for 16% of the American population. The 32 million Latinos of Mexican origin account for around 66% of the Hispanic population. Hispanics accounted for more than half of all of the growth in the U. S. population that occurred between 2000 and 2009.Latinos also are expected to be responsible for more than half of the growth in the U. S. population between 2010 and 2015. With an estimated buying power of $616 billion, Latinos of Mexican heritage represent the single most influential segment of the Hispanic market. Mexicans in the United States account for 59% of all Hispanic buying power. On a per capita basis, however, Cubans are the most affluent of the major Hispanic population segments. Their per capita buying power is substantially higher than that of Mexicans ($32,724 vs. $19, 426).The vast majority (92%) of Hispanics under 18 were born in the United States as were about 47% of those 18 and over. Mexicans are most likely to be U. S. -born. More education leads to higher-paying jobs and increasing affluence among high-acculturation Latinos. High-acculturation Hispanics are more likely than their low-acculturation counterparts to work as managers and professionals (19% vs. 6%). They are twice as likely to have a household income of $75,000 or more (37% vs. 19%) and are much more likely to own their home (62% vs. 40%) (Census Bureau, 2012 www. marketresearch. om ). † Preforming a simple marketing search on the Hispanic cultural give us insight as to how we can begin to market and set ourselves apart in the marketplace. How we can currently target and begin to build a marketing strategy that will ensure the future growth and the economic sustainability of our stores within a Hispanic – centric neighborhood. Currently Company Q operates under the policy of disposing of day-old products, this a perfect example where our management team is mi ssing out on a great public relations and corporate social responsibility opportunity.When approach by the area’s food bank to donate day-old products that would otherwise been thrown away, our management team declined. Management being more focused on the possible loss of revenue due to the potential increase in fraud and stealing that could be done its employees who could claim that that they were donating the food. One thing that we need to understand it the actual cost associated with and or the actual / perceived benefits. Our company will write –off any product that needs to be disposed of due to the shelf life expiration date.The products are disposed if in a dumpster and therefore currently ends the usefulness of the product from the company’s perspective. If we are paying for the products by weight or volume, we will incur a greater disposal rates from the waste removal company for the disposal of those unsellable products instead of donating them to a local food bank. This concern of a possible increase in expenses does not begin to look at the tax benefits that could be received by the donating of the product to a local food bank as well as other possible economic impacts that this policy can have on the economy of our community.Another concern that we need to be aware of is the impact that our policy to throw away on day-old products will have on employees moral. If we’ve communicated to our employees that we will not be socially contentious to our local communities, then what is the message that we are delivering to our employees since they are part of our communities. How will they relate that to how valued they feel as an employee for Company Q? In our technology and media driven society it would e foolish not to except a socially aware employee or customer to film the disposal of the food that we may have not been able to sell, but it could easily be donated to our local food banks to help those in need. The potentia l of the negative publicity and feedback from such an event would be devastating to a small chain stores such as ours. The above mention concerns addressed not only some of the potential financial impacts but also the possible social capital losses that we could face in our current position.Thankfully, we do not need to pay out much financially or in employee efforts to make a substantial difference in our stores and neighborhood communities. One delivery van can be used at the end of each day to deliver the products that would have otherwise been thrown away to our local food bank. The food can be unloaded by the food bank staff while the food bank manager shares with the Manager or Supervisor of our company the impacts that this donation will have on the community. This same information can be taken back and share with the store employees.The minimal time spent delivering and unloading the products daily at the local food banks in a minor change in the daily operations for the sto re, but will have an overall impact to the community that will consistently strengthen our relationship within in the local communities, our relationships with our employees as well as enhancing our brand across our chain of stores. References * Census Bureau (2012). Hispanic Market: market research reports. Marketresearch. com. Retrieved from http://www. marketresearch. com/Marketing-Market-Research-c70/Demographics-c81/Hispanic-Market-c1692/

Motor Temperature Ratings

A frequently misunderstood subject related to electric motors is insulation class and temperature ratings. This paper tries to describe, in basic terms, the temperature relationships that are meaningful in standard AC induction motors. Some of the same information can be applied to DC motors but DC motors are more specialized and some of the ratings are slightly different. Perhaps the best way to start is to define the commonly used terms.MOTOR SURFACE TEMPERATURESMotor surface temperature is frequently of concern.The motor surface temperature will never exceed the internal temperature of the motor. However, depending upon the design and cooling arrangements in the motor, motor surface temperature in modern motors can be high enough to be very uncomfortable to the touch. Surface temperatures of 75 ° to 95 ° C can be found on T frame motor designs. These temperatures do not necessarily indicate overload or impending motor failure.OTHER FACTORSInsulation life is affected by many fa ctors aside from temperature.Moisture, chemicals, oil, vibration, fungus growth, abrasive particles, and mechanical abrasion created by frequent starts, all work to shorten insulation life. On some applications if the operating environment and motor load conditions can be properly defined, suitable means of winding protection can be provided to obtain reasonable motor life in spite of external disturbing factors.OLD AND CURRENT STANDARDSU frame 184 through 445U frames, were designed based on using Class A insulation. Temperature rise was not precisely defined by the resistance method.Temperature rise by thermometer for Class A, open drip proof motors was 40 ° C. This was generally thought to be equivalent to approximately 50 ° C by resistance. U frame motors were the industry standard from 1954 to 1965 and are still preferred in some industries and plants. T frame, 143T through 449T motors are generally designed based on using Class B insulation with temperature rises by resista nce of approximately 80 ° C. Production of T frame motors started in the mid-sixties and they continue to be the industry standard at this time.SUMMARYA key ingredient in motor life is the insulation system used in the motor.Aside from vibration, moisture, chemicals, and other non-temperature related life-shortening items, the key to insulation and motor life is the maximum temperature that the insulation system experiences and the temperature capabilities of the system components. Table 1 shows the temperature ratings, temperature rise allowances and hot spot allowances for various enclosures and service factors of standard motors. Table 2 shows a listing of temperature related life-shortening factors along with symptoms and cures. You may find this table useful. TABLE 1 Insulation System Class ABFH Temperature Rating in Degrees Centigrade105 °130 °155 °180 ° Temperature Rise Allowance by Resistance (Based on 40 ° C Ambient Temperature) All Motors with 1. 15 Service Factor (Hot Spot Allowance)70 *90 *115 *— Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled Motors (Hot Spot Allowance)60 (5)80 (10)105 (10)125 (15) Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated Motors (Hot Spot Allowance)65 (0)85 (5)110 (5)135 (5) Motors other than those listed above (Hot Spot Allowance)60 (5)80 (10)105 (10)125 (15) * When operating at service factor loading the hot spot temperatures can actually exceed the insulation rating resulting in shortened motor life. TABLE 2 Temperature Related Life-Shortening Factors PROBLEMS SYMPTOMS CURES Low VoltageOverload Tripping High current Short motor lifeCorrect power supply or match motor to actual power supply voltage rating. High VoltageOverload Tripping High current Short motor lifeCorrect power supply or match motor to actual power supply voltage rating. Unbalanced VoltageUnbalanced phase currents Overload trippingDetermine why voltages are unbalanced and correct. OverloadOverload Tripping High current Short motor lifeDetermine reason for overload. Increase motor size or decrease load speed.High Ambient TemperaturesShort motor life* Rewind motor to higher class of insulation. Oversize motor to reduce temperature rise. Ventilate area to reduce ambient temperature. Blocked VentilationShort motor life Runs hot Amperage o. k. Clean lint and debris from air passageways or use proper motor enclosure for application. Frequent StartsShort motor life** Use a reduced voltage starting method. Upgrade class of insulation. High Inertia LoadsShort motor life Overload tripping during startingOversize motor frame. Use higher class of insulation * Use a reduced voltage starting method. * Bearing lubrication must also be matched to high operating temperature. **Reduced voltage starting method and motor characteristics must be matched to the load requirement. APPENDIX Temperature Rise by Resistance Method Degrees C Rise = Rh – Rc/ Rc (234. 5 + T) Where Rc = Cold Winding Resistance in Ohms R h = Hot Winding Resistance in Ohms T = Cold (ambient) Temperature in Degrees Centigrade Note: This formula assumes that the ambient temperature does not change during the test. Example: A small motor has a cold temperature of 3. ohms at 25 ° C (77 ° F) ambient temperature. After operating at full load for several hours, the resistance measures 4. 1 ohms and the ambient has increased to 28 ° C. Calculate the temperature rise: Apparent rise = 4. 1 – 3. 2/3. 2 (234. 5 + 25) = 73 ° C Correcting for 3 ° C increase in ambient: Actual rise = 73 ° – 3 ° = 70 ° C Centigrade Fahrenheit Conversions Actual Temperatures To change Fahrenheit to Centigrade: C ° = (F ° – 32) 5/9 To change Centigrade to Fahrenheit: F ° = (C ° x 9/5 ) + 32 Rise Values Only Degrees â€Å"C† Rise =  °F (Rise) x . 56 Degrees â€Å"F† Rise =  °C (Rise) x 1. 8

Movie Review the Return of the Titans

JC Life of Pi: A Movie Review The movie â€Å"Life of Pi† is a story of survival. In order to survive, the protagonist, â€Å"Pi†, draws his inner strength from his spirituality and practicality. A scientist once said, [i]â€Å"A man, as a general rule, owes very little to what he is born with. A man is what he makes himself. † As Pi tried to survive in the ocean, he became a soldier in his own right. What Pi’s character portrayed is very similar to what a good soldier should be. On Military Professionalism At the beginning of the story, the pureness, innocence and compassion of Pi’s heart became the foundation of how his character and values were molded.Just like any soldier, very evident to Pi is his portrayal of the standards of loyalty, competence, ethics and morals. Pi has a high standard of loyalty. Pi expressed in words and in deeds his strong support to his family especially to his father. He knew that his father as the head of the family ha s the authority to lead the family. Even though it is against his will to sail to the Pacific and leave India, he knew who has authority and who demands obedience. There is competence as Pi possesses the knowledge, skills, physical attributes and character traits that are necessary in order to survive.From childhood, his quest for information, logic and eagerness to know how things should be done harnessed his whole being through the years. Pi has ethics. He knew how to observe and conform to the accepted principles of right conduct being part of not just his family, but also his family as part of the whole community. His ethics governed his behavior towards the tiger even in a most undesirable situation of being cast away. He is honest, just, truthful and very much concerned about the things that surround him. What differs Pi, from the tiger named Richard Parker, is his being a rational being.It means Pi has morals because of his discernment from knowing what is right from wrong. H is transparency in his acts and openness with his feelings dictated his morals and his morals defined him as a person. On AFP Core Values/Philosophy/Creed At the end of the story, Pi’s total character is revealed. For one who strived to survive, it was inevitable for him to have lived with the same Core Values of a soldier. These values are the love of country, honor, loyalty, valor, duty, and solidarity. His love of country becomes evident with the way he talked about India.He even argued with his father about leaving India when Christopher Columbus sailed the Pacific to find India. He also talked about the cultures and traditions of India with pride and respect. It is respect in the sense that though some traditions and customs (for him) are questionable, he respects it anyway. His honor is equated with his integrity. Growing up in a family who valued honor, with great reputation and credibility, it became easy for him to aspire to live a decent life. His loyalty was displa yed when he acknowledged who the ‘boss’ is or who should demand his obedience.This loyalty enhanced his dedication to establish communication with the tiger. It was tedious and difficult but Pi never stopped trying. So when he won the cooperation of tiger he then showed his sincere concern for the well being of that ‘Richard Parker’. Taming Richard Parker and surviving alone in the Pacific for 221 days is seemingly impossible, but for Pi, he was able to survive. There is valor because he had the ability to overcome his fears and he endured all kinds of pain and hardship just to accomplish his bold will to survive.But what is more glaring is the spiritual side of valor that is shown by his composure, calmness and presence of mind. Even in times of danger, he tried and fought so hard not to be taken by surprise. Despite the difficult moments and the danger of storms, Pi’s values, obedience and discipline remained intact. He took it as a responsibility to survive, so he can take care of Richard Parker. He rendered service by hunting for food and saving rain water to keep the tiger alive. That willingness to sacrifice for others even if it means giving up his life in the process was not just simply courage, but being true to his duty as well.Lastly, solidarity is not just about being bound together. It is also the sustainment of that bind, considering the presence of the one who leads and the ones being led. In the movie, sometimes the tiger is the leader because he has the control over the situation, and sometimes it is Pi. The leadership that is within defines their solidarity. Thoughts on Correlation There is a saying that, [ii]â€Å"From a pure heart, anything can be accomplished. If you ask what the universe is doing, it is eavesdropping on your every desire†.The difference between a civilian and a citizen is that a citizen has the courage to make the safety of his community a personal responsibility. Pi, is not just an ordinary civilian, he is a citizen. As to the difference between a citizen and a soldier, it is more of a question of understanding how the individual's heart, intent and focus are aligned. If one will look into the verbs used in the roles of Army Core Values, it is â€Å"as protectors of†¦, guardians of†¦, and dynamic proponents for development†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . These contexts are all geared towards doing good for others.May it be a soldier or a warrior, a civilian or a citizen, as individuals, the values, creeds and philosophies are applicable to everyone. In everyday life, it all depends on where a person learns these values from, how he enhances them, when to apply them, why he exercises them and to whom are they for. But these values are always best use for the protection of what he or she finds important and worth protecting. [iii] â€Å"Ethical conduct is not just about uniforms. It is about taking personal responsibility. † ————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [i] Alexander Graham Bell [ii] Deepak Chopra [iii] Anonymous

Marketing plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing plan - Assignment Example his has been significant in enabling the business to produce high quality products at low costs, an aspect that made it possible for the business to retain its competitive advantage in the market. The goals and objectives are in line with the firm’s mission that is to bring the best computing knowledge to students, professionals, and consumers across the world, through being innovative in a way that builds its hardware, software, and internet ads. With the increasing level of competition in the market, the company goals acts as a guide in ensuring that it satisfies the tastes and preferences of the target market. This is through ensuring that it incorporates the interests of the target market in the production process. Apple Inc is active in developing new products. This is to satisfy the varying interests of the customers. Different product lines have been developed with the aim of reducing the risks and uncertainties associated with concentrating on a single product. The company has also differentiated its products. Through innovation and branding, the company’s products are unique compared to those of the competitors. This aspect has been significant in ensuring that customers remain loyal to the products despite the market being flooded with different substitutes. It has also developed a strong brand name. This is through intensive advertising in the traditional and modern media. The company has been able to create awareness on the existence of its products and services in the market. This has been achieved through personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, direct marketing, and advertising (Hassan 12). Furthermore, the company has intensified its use of social media in order to understand different aspects that affect the consumer behaviors of the target market. This has played a significant role in enabling the firm to reach a large market at very low costs. The company uses skimming and premium pricing strategies in order to penetrate new

Leadership in Clinical Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership in Clinical Practice - Essay Example Good leaders can develop their staff through education, training, experience, and self-study. Symptoms of a good leader are that they always keep on working and try to improve their leadership skills. Managers should be well versed and experience enough to guide the staff in relation to the convertibility of their academic knowledge in practical performance. In an emergency situation, mostly in clinics, there is a requirement of strong management and executive skills. This means not only the doctors, all other staff in a clinic should be efficient enough to deal with the situation. Managers should work for the development of staff members. Training and education programs should be implemented for staff. The evaluation process should be conducted in order to control and monitor the activities of members. Incentives, bonus and better compensation plans should be enforced to keep the staff members motivated towards the organization. Communication and leadership can also lead to the tran sformation of an organization. Culture and structure of a clinic should be flexible, so that staff members can share their preferences and knowledge with the managers. Therefore, communication and leadership are the main pillars for the success of clinics (Butler Gillian & Hope Tony, 1996). 1.2 Leadership Leadership is a key factor for an organizations success. It mainly depends on how managers are able to handle the organizational and management structure. A leader should have infinite flexibility. This means one should be able to adopt a leadership style in accordance to a particular situation. Leadership plays a most important role in clinical areas such as leading role of the doctor towards nurses and other staff, similar to that nurse play a lead role in guiding the supporting staff and trainees. These shows at all levels there are different leaders. (Blagg Deborah & Young Susan, 2001). Factors of leadership Mainly there are four factors in leadership, which are present in ever y organization i.e.: Leaders Followers Communication Situation Leader Leaders must have a clear understanding of who they are, what they know and what they can do. Therefore, it is imperative that doctors should have all knowledge in relation to their capabilities so that they can guide nurses and other staff appropriately. Before guiding other people they should know their inner capabilities, strength, and weaknesses. Because it is the nurses who help to identify whether a doctor is successful or not, therefore one will have to satisfy his followers not the boss, as they are the ones who are dependent on a leader. Followers In hospital many people are followers such as nurses, supporting staff, trainees etc. and each person has different styles and nature. Therefore, each one of them requires different leadership process and style. One should know the follower's nature, needs, emotions, and motivation. Communication Leading should be done through two-way communication, most of whic h is nonverbal. But in clinical areas, verbal communication is most important. It plays a vital role in the performance of the staff members. For instance in the case when one sets an example, this communication to people will lead them to perform only the things guided by the leader rather than performing in their own way.

Main causes of UK childhood obesity and what can be done to prevent Essay

Main causes of UK childhood obesity and what can be done to prevent childhood obesity - Essay Example This essay "Main causes of UK childhood obesity and what can be done to prevent childhood obesity" outlines the reasons for obesity and its impact on the health of the person. In 2011, it was noted that 31% of boys and 28% of girls aged between 2 and 15 were either overweight or obese, with increase in waist circumference outstripping BMI measurement increases (Ahima 320). Statistics from the Health and Social Care Information Centre indicate moderate decrease in the proportion of overweight and obese children, the proportion having declined from 22.6% in 2011/12 Reception Year to 22.2% in 2012/13. Despite these improvements, the current 1 in every 5 Reception Year children (aged 4 to 5) and a third of Academic Year 6 children (aged 10 to 11) being obese has been noted to be among the worst cases in Europe (National Obesity Forum 8). Obesity is thus a critical public health issue in the UK that calls for understanding of the underlying problems in order to develop effective preventiv e strategies. Generally, childhood obesity results from eating too much and being involved less in physical activities. More specifically, the NHS observes that it results from a consumption of diets rich in energy, particularly from sugars and fats, with no burning of the energy through physical activity or exercise. As a result, surplus energy would be stored in the body as fat. To gain deeper understanding of these causes of obesity, the social model of health provided by Dahlgren and Whitehead would be useful (91).

Service blueprint Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service blueprint - Research Paper Example This research proposal will establish the effects of service blueprint on Ikea the furniture store. This proposal will focus on the relationship between service blueprint and the furniture store’s performance. In addition, it will give way to the collection and analysis of data from appropriate sources in order to answer the research problem. Service blueprint is essential in the determination of the performance of a furniture store. The success of furniture storage in Ikea is influenced by the manner in which the management tailors the service processes and operations to boost the productivity of the Ikea furniture storage .This concept immensely contributes to the success of a firm given the value-chain analysis concerned with the service blueprint (Giriappa 56). However, the principle can be used to boost the performance of a firm. This is because the manufacturing sector can lead to the refurbishment of the infrastructure. Evaluation for service processes can be employed in order to enhance response to variances. Consequently, productivity of a firm will to increase. This will lead to the going concern of a furniture store. Most entities have many activities, which result in the difficulties in the critical evaluation of the value-adding service processes. Service blueprint is also based on the assumption that produc ts consume activities, which in turn consume resources of an entity (Ledderhos 48). This system assigns cost of the activities done in the process of production with regard to the resources used in these activities. Then the activity costs are allocated to the products and services. This assigning of cost to products is done using specific ratios of their workloads. This system establishes the exact portion of resources consumed by a particular product. This is aimed at means using the profitability or loss of producing a certain good. In addition, this information helps in determination of the most

Migrating Servers to Virtual Machines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Migrating Servers to Virtual Machines - Essay Example This requires using of multiple hardware systems to manage and store the information in an easy to retrieve way. Hence, virtual machines come in to provide saving of space used for multiple hardware and easy access to information since it can set up several servers on one hardware. Data management is an essential part of modern organization since they have to deal with huge loads of information. Thus moving of physical servers to virtual machines, virtualization has increased in the recent past since virtual machines help in managing data through shared hardware. It has become a mainstream operation in the organization due to its ability in, â€Å"helping provide consolidation savings, workload migration capabilities, reduced deployment times and a variety of other benefits,† (Schmidt & Rispoli, 2009, p. 42). The advantage of virtualization is that one can set up several servers on the same hardware box, rather than having to pay for many hardware servers. This has the benefit of saving costs of running multiple hardware servers such as power used when there are several servers, space for putting up the hardware as well as financial costs.    Recently, information has become the main tool for organization in competing, thus, management of information is most crucial. Sharing of information is yet another requirement in the organization. Thus, a tool that can help in sharing of information is welcome in organization. More so, cost saving is among the most emphasized issues in many organizations of the current times. Virtual machines provide these benefits, making it a key tool for organizations. Many organizations have realized this, and are virtualizing their physical servers to enjoy the differences. Review of Other Work   Ã‚  Ã‚   The number of organizations using virtual machines has grown tremendously in the recent past. Many of these organizations are virtualizing with an aim of achieving several goals that are reducing of costs of running physi cal servers, enhancing efficiency, achieving flexibility with information, and improving operations within the organization. Le Bourget Communaute provides a good illustration of virtualization at work. The company has virtualized its servers and desktops with vSphere virtualization from the VMware and the Cisco Nexus 1000V virtual switch (Cisco, 2010). The company has all the efforts of 2500 employees supported by 1000 desktop computers that deliver quite a big range of services. Its PCs are located in various places such as city halls, self-service kiosks, libraries, schools and among other places for providing services to the public (Cisco, 2010). The company has good control of this infrastructure after it was able to virtualize. The company started the virtualization project in 2008, with an objective to save space. However, the company realized other benefits such as servers that were dedicated to specific tasks and the ability to clone servers for testing purposes. The compan y was able to virtualize 27 physical servers, and it is currently running 70 virtual servers. The company

International Relations - feminist movement Essay

International Relations - feminist movement - Essay Example Feminism and their movement for equal treatment and gender equality, in some ways, succeeded in their various objectives most especially in making their struggles known. In the past few decades, debates on the link between feminism and international relations have ensued as the feminists contend that international relations has failed to embrace gender neutrality in both its orthodox and mainstream theories. Thus, the last couple of decades were said to be the start of invasion of feminism on the core of international relations. Ann Tickner, one of the leading advocates of the feminist critique in international relations asserts that international politics is purely man's domain.1 She states that only men are given the privilege to get involved in warfare and adds that the masculine dominion not only encompasses international politics but also includes diplomacy and military service.2 In contrast, women had always been, according to Tickner, refused to be embraced in diplomacy or the military as she further observes that women in international politics are restricted to areas such as international political economy, North-South issues and distributive justice related issues. The study of gender neutrality under this field is significant as Sarah Brown suggests that the study of international relations involves the 'identification of and explanation of social stratification and of inequality' as configured in the global relations level.3 In the light of this controversy, this paper will attempt to answer the gravity of feminist assertions or if gender-neutral theories exist in the area of international relations and why the answer to this is significant to the discipline as a whole. One of the major feminist critiques of international relations (IR) claims that most of the theories put forward by IR do not support reality and has always been a dominion of the males. Sarah Brown observes that the assumption that women need to be included or considered in the disciplines - a liberal-feminist concern, only implies that women were not really there in the first place.4 International relations is mum about women. This only means that subject matter would not exclude women in the field if it were gender neutral. The absence of women in the theories of the discipline is said to be 'hegemonic'5 as international relations failed to put forth gender related theories in which women are 'brought into the discipline'.6 Hence, advocates of this view, proposed to embrace women in the discipline.7 In order to understand what these critiques put forward, it is also significant to comprehend the arguments that feminism in the field of IR is putting forth. It is said that the most prevailing assumption we can glean about the world of politics and international relations is that it is natural and neutral. This assertion refers to the roles of males and females with regards their gender. However, the notion of gender, its universal definition and implications must first be understood. Gender mainly refers to the identity of females and males as they are conceived in certain cultures. These identities imply socio-cultural traits assigned to women and men instead of the biologically defined distinction between the sexes. Sandra Whitworth states that gender does not imply the sex of either women or men but to the notion bestowed on their differences. Thus gender is a 'socially constructed'8 definition of the distinction

Revisions on Strategic Planning Modules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Revisions on Strategic Planning Modules - Essay Example The strategic planning and budgeting projects provided timely insights which provided the opportunity to examine and evaluate an organization in terms of how its strategic planning and budgeting process enables it to cope with diverse factors that affect its attainment of organizational goals. ((1) external environment analysis, (2) strategic issues and opportunities, (3) core values, (4) mission, (5) goals and objectives, (6) strategic and other indicators, (7) evaluation, (8) action steps, (9) revenue and costs; and (10) assessment) and SWOT analysis in providing relevant information to guide decision makers in creating the most appropriate action plan given the challenges in the environment and other factors that influence the organization’s operations. Only with a comprehensive and timely strategic plan in place can top management participate in the preparation, evaluation, and assessment of its operating budget to guide its operations in the near future. Given the aforementioned insights, the operating budget that was previously presented should be revised to incorporate the following factors: (1) tuition fee rate per school year amounts to $36, 300 for a full load undergraduate program, (2) the lessons learned on SWOT analysis of current and future conditions should focus on the impact of the global financial crisis in cost reduction thereby reducing the projected expenses more, (3) the further reduction in costs would enable the university in generating additional income from $25 million as previously projected, to $29 million – which can be utilized to address needed repairs and maintenance and salaries of personnel.

Why Educators Should be Appreciated and Paid More Essay Example for Free

Why Educators Should be Appreciated and Paid More Essay The people who hold the education to our future and its on coming generation should be millionaires. Why is it that movie stars or athletes earn way more money than teachers? Teachers seem to be the lowest paid professionals who need a degree to do their job. Educators play a vital role in our economy and society. Teachers are the backbone of our civilization, without them society will destabilize. In this essay I will be discussing why teachers are of great importance to our society. I will also be discussing why teachers deserve a higher pay than what they are earning now; and finally my last stand will be why educators should Teachers are by far the single most important profession field in the world. They teach students how to think, how to do math, how to write, how to read and many other important life skills. What would happen if Educators did not exist? We would turn into a country like Ethiopia, one of the top 10 least educated countries in the world. This would be the downfall of our civilization. Teachers aren’t recognized enough for the time and effort they put into their teachings of their classroom. Education is important to any nation that would want its citizens to prosper and pursue a higher stand on education. Each profession occupies a specific niche in society, doctors cure, engineers design and bankers handle our cash. Teaching, however, stands out as a more prominent entity. Teachers instill the transcendent faculties of communication, decision-making and awareness of social responsibility. No matter what field we chose to pursue later on in our lives, we again turn to teachers f or training. A strong information base and best-developed capabilities of knowledge and analysis are important for progress. These crucial responsibilities of knowledge instilment, kindling inspiration and encouraging creative though are all vested in the teacher. The role of Educators is valuable and significant to a society. They are one of the main pillars of a progressive society. Teachers bear the weight and responsibility of teaching, and apart from parents, they are the  main source of knowledge. From the age of four, a child finds himself in the hands of a teacher. Throughout our lives, our teachers inspire us and treat us like their own children and make us learn from their experiences. They make us strong enough to stand on our feet and face any challenge. A teacher is much more important than a doctor or engineer. It is the teacher who makes doctors and engineers. Because of this, teachers are considered to be above all in Hindu mythology. It’s teachers who shape the life of y oung children throughout their lives. Because it is a comprehensively low paid job, today’s generation cannot understand the importance of a teacher. The truth about teachers is a truth in itself, and will always remain so.

Touch Interfaces Essay Example for Free

Touch Interfaces Essay Introduction Pointing at an object is the most basic human interaction, which is very important in human-machine interfaces. Similarly, creating gestures such as using ones hand and arm can provide information. For instance, pointing to a chair indicates asking for permission to sit down or pointing to indicate directions. The main goal of all the research done on touch interface and gesture recognition is to develop a system that can identify specific human gestures using human touch and use them to interact with Software application. Humans habitually use gesture to interact with other humans. Gestures can be used for everything such as pointing at an object for attention to conveying information about space and temporal characteristics [1]. Biologists define gesture, as the notion of gesture is to embrace all kinds of instances where an individual engages in movements whose communicative intent is paramount, manifest, and openly acknowledged [2]. Gestures that are related with speech are called gesticulation and gestures that are independent from speech are called autonomous gesture. Autonomous gestures have its own communicative language such as American Sign Language (ASL) as well as motion commands. There are many other types of gestures such as Semiotic – communicating meaning, Ergotic – manipulating objects and Epistemic – groping. There are six types of semiotic gestures and they are Symbolic (arbitrary), Deictic (pointing), Iconic (descriptive), Pantomimic (use of invisible objects), Beat (indicating flow of speech) and Cohesive (marker indicating related topics) [3]. Symbolic or Arbitrary gestures are gestures that can be learned but are not common in a culture setting and can be very useful because they can be specifically created for use of device control. An example is the set of gestures used for airport plane control. Deictic gestures are used to point at important objects and these gestures can be specific that refers to one object, in general that refers to class of object, or functions that symbolize intentions. An example is a simple hand gestures such as pointing to ones mouth when he or she is hungry. Related Technologies Today, there exist many image-based or device-based hardware techniques, which can be used as touch interface. For example, an image-based technique can detect gesture by capturing pictures of users hand motions gesture via camera. The captured image is then sent to Computer-vision software, which tracks the image and identifies the gesture. For instance, television sets that can be controlled by hand gesture instead of a remote control have been developed [4] [5] [6]. Basically, to turn the TV on, the user raises his open hand and the computer recognizes the gesture, which in return turns the TV on. Device-based techniques such as instrumented gloves, stylus and other position trackers have been developed, which recognize the movements and send the signals so that the system can understand the gesture. For example, Dexterous Handmaster [7] developed in 1987, initially used to control robot hand, which was very accurate but was not suitable for rapid movement. Power Glove [7] developed in 1989 by Mattel, which was resistive ink sensors for finger position, plus ultrasonic tracking and the Space Glove [7] developed in 1991, which was a plastic rings around fingers. Other gloves such as 5DT Data GloveTM [7], SuperGlove [7], Pinch Gloves [7] and CyberGlove [7]. However, the latest in computer technology is the G-Speak Gestural Technology System [8], a glove which is faster and easier to use compared to mouse and keyboard and using it one can move anything anywhere on the screen. At present, there exist many products, which are closely related with the hypothesis of this thesis. For example, the GyroPoint is a product of Gyration, Inc. in Saratoga, CA [9] [10]. The device can operate in two different modes. First, it can operate as a regular mouse and second, it can operate in the air (3D). Another example, the Bluewand, [11] which is a small pen-like device used to control Bluetooth enabled devices by hand-movements. Basically, a 6-axis accelerometer and gyroscope system detects devices full direction and movement in space. Bluewand can be used with verity of applications such as remote control for TV-set, cell-phone, MP3-player, etc. Overview of the Technology (Touch Interfaces) The ability to touch a computer screen and manipulate objects or control is a advance way of communication between human and computers and due to this advancement many types of touch system is developed such as point-of-sale systems, to information kiosks, to electronic whiteboards, iPod, iPhone etc. However, these systems have different ways of implementation in different applications. For example, using a desktop display for touch input as well as pen input, recognizing finger for touch on the screen. Other ways of implementation are such as Gesture recognition is a process through which a computer can recognize human gesture. Such interaction can make interface with computer more accessible and expressive for both the physically impaired and for young children who might find this type of interaction more natural. Gestures can be used in applications such as word processing, hand sign language, games, entertainment and educational approaches. There are other forms of gesture recognition than hand gestures. For example, finger pointing a way to select or move objects around, face tracking, eye motion and lip reading, etc. Technology that implements gestures has the ability to change the way humans interact with computers by eliminating input devices such as joysticks, mice and keyboards. Lots of conventional whole-hand input devices creates interface using non-contact methods or through some physical medium and such interfaces often needs contact of the hands and fingers with a hard, firm surface. As displays get larger, multi-user interaction is important as well as the ability to recognize two or more simultaneous inputs. As a result, wall-size touch displays became important for users as it enables to work with computer application and in the future human-body sized interfaces will become a natural way of interaction with the multiple users. Other related system is â€Å"A Camera-Based Touch Interface for Pervasive Displays† [13] developed by Gerald D. Morrison. Basically, the system contains smart camera in the corners of a 17-foot-wide wall display to determine the location of an object in front of, or in contact with, the display. The main object the user’s finger and the collected image are processed in such a way that it can recognize various attributes of the object’s, such as location relative to the display in three dimensional space. The information sent back to computer which generates the display, enabling touch control. Advantages of such system Many companies have established research centers all over the world to conduct research in developing new technologies. They emphasizes on managing its process in order to deliver product that are cheap and fast maintaining a good Information Management strategy. Manipulation of information using different applications and technologies became a potential information overload for many similar companies. Hence taking advantage of the new advance technologies to manage and maintain the information overload. Other advantages are such as having to interact with software application more closely compared t traditional ways of interactions. The term software was used in the early days of the software engineering field. It was used to describe how the rapid increase in computational power and the complexity of problems which now could be tackled. It refers to the difficulty of writing correct, understandable and variable computer programs. Having touch interface will help developer to interact with developing tools to developed advance software application. Today in the 21st century software is every where imaginable, when you check out at the grocery store, using a credit card, driving your car or listening to music in your new MP3 player just to name a few. Software development has undergone a change from its early days, the awareness of the software crisis has forced engineers to address the problems by various processes and methodologies and the industry are realizing that changing to more efficient ways of communicate with computers lead to better products with higher quality and reduced costs. However, there is always a problem that the tools and techniques invented today will need time to mature, to be introduced into industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The security implications of the system will be strong in order to assure safety for both the user and the system using finer print recognition. The main security issue such as data access must be implemented in such a way that the privilege given to the user is controlled and manipulated. Controlling the web-browsing habit such as browsing illegal or unwanted web sites need also to be controlled, hence providing user access to email, web sites using password and encryptions is essential. Keeping off the malicious users from accessing valuable company information and other external information that can be used against the company stuff and the company authorities needs to be taken under consideration. Sending emails and other attachments must be allowed according to hierarchy of access permissions. Other issues that need to be taken under consideration are such as the network password and security tokens needs to be changed constantly and most off all securing the connection to local devices that are connected to the network such as print servers and touch screen connected printers. Routers and switches should be organize and installed as securely as possible and web based configuration should be disabled as well as network access to the devices should be limited to the Grenada networks. To have a perfectly feasible operation and conduct the most proper ethical business functions is the first priority for most companies and businesses. The most critical issue related with IT is IT security where the objective is to take effective measures to decrease the threats exist today in IT related business such as e-commerce. Today, most companies prefer electronic information over traditional ways of storing and manipulation of information. Data are stored in huge database and process using different front-end software’s form anywhere in the world. IT security is made up of three main categories and they are Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. Confidentiality is when company or an organization has sensitive information and does not want to disclose such information to anyone outside the company. Integrity is when companies want to update the system to adapt to future needs. As for availability, it is when a business implements a system it needs to make sure the system is up and running when needed. Threats such as customer’s information can be disclosed which can affect the credibility of any company; company’s information can be hacked by illegally, etc. There are many ways to improve the correct securities such as protecting data and information using different sophisticated firewall software, understanding threats and its impact in order to be protected forms it, calculating risk and deciding how to eradicate such risk. There are two basic ways to improve security and they are Bottom Up and Top Down. Bottom Up approach is not that precise but in order to implement such approach it is advisable to properly understand company policies, network topology and companies operating procedure. Top Down approach is methodical and more precise compared to Bottom Up approach but is slow and expensive. The main advantages of the touch interface are that it is centralized where it can access its information from using human touch. Therefore, if there are any security issues it can be dealt with using by tracking the finger-print. It is also flexible and scalable enough for new technologies to integrate with the system. Many flexible system and architecture can be designed so that it can be interoperable making all components work together in a synchronized fashion. This system can be used to backup critical information which is vital for both the system and the end-user. Conclusion As the information age advanced the need for computers became a daily part of human life. Computers have emerged from early abacus, papyrus and ENIAC to today’s main frame computer and super computers that can manipulate huge amount of information across the globe. The use of Touch screen was discovered by military in order to share information and after the first dial up connection; the use of touch screen became popular amongst local public. Today, computers are the most essential part of human life starting from basic calculators to storing and manipulating of terabits of information. Use of Touch screen is mostly possible if one uses computers or other devices such as mobiles. Need for speedy information has become an important issue in today’s business. Using such devices Touch screen caused a revolution in our society. Peoples shopping style is also changing because of Touch screen. Selling products over the touch screen is cheap, fast and easy for both the company and the customer. Hence issues such as privacy and ethics are most important and needs to be concentrated on by the governments and education institute. Many of the ethical issues involve privacy. For example, privacy concerning e-mail uses by the employees, head office of a company and individuals. System such as malleable surface interface [12] can be used in applications that require physically touching the screen and its objects performed by the human hands or finger, such as sculpting and massage. Even though, many touch technology systems are suitable for small displays such as iPod, iPhone, the system can be also used in big screen such TV, or directly interacting with the pc monitor. This way of communication is very attractive because they are more versatile than other input devices as well as can be made inexpensively. While touch sensing is very common but having multi user interaction has become more essential. Having to interact with a system with more than one finger at a time useful for larger interaction scenarios such as interactive walls and tabletops. Many researchers experimenting with a wide variety of application scenarios and communication modalities that utilize multi-touch input. It is a rich area for research, and has potential for advances in efficiency, usability, and intuitiveness of the future UI designed. Today there exist mobiles with touch screen and stroke interfaces as compared to those with button, thumbwheel, trackballs, and stylus etc interfaces. The traditional ways of interaction for example using buttons, and cognitively arbitrated by the need to roll a wheel to scroll the cursor focus kept us distance with the technology invented. Hence, to touch something would be to minimize the distance between human and the computer. Using gesture similar to Nintendo Wii, is a breakthrough in advancement of GUI. Other devices such as LG Prada, HTC phone and Apple iPhone help us to use our fingers to feel the system rather just using the system. The touch system is already been used in wireless devices successfully. Wireless communications offer organizations and users many benefits such as portability, flexibility and lower installation costs. Wireless technologies cover a broad range of capabilities toward different uses and needs. Wireless local area network (WLAN) devices, for instance, allow users to move their laptops from place to place within their offices and homes without the need for wires and without losing network connectivity. However, risks are natural in any wireless technology. The most significant source of risks in wireless networks is that the technology’s underlying communications medium such as the airwave, is open to intruders. Having touch screen developers and interact and develop application using advance GUI’s. Today, touch screen technology is used everywhere to cut down cost as well as speed up the development process by keeping the quality of the application insured. Touch screen based development helps to build software applications by connecting multiple components together which are produced independently. In order for this communication to take place we must have an interface between the components in such a way that is helps to develop the overall application as well as implementing it in the future applications. However, it is the compatibility between connected component interfaces that determines the success of the implementation of the components. To be precise, an interface is made of number of operations which can be manipulated by the user. The operations play a vast role in implementing the interface and use of the interface by the client or the user. Today, Internet is a good way of doing business and use of internet is constantly increasing. Improving the GUI and converting to touch screen will become very important in the future for the use of World Wide Web because it helps to communicate globally and deliver products to customers who can not purchase the products. It also helps to increases advertising and by providing one to one marketing. E-commerce is a very easy way of gathering information form its customers or potential customers. One of the biggest advantages of using the internet is its efficient ways of reducing warehousing and inventory. A Company needs a network that provides fast and efficient way to manipulate its information. Compared to its traditional manual filing system accessing, touch screen will provide information with speed, accuracy, and accessibility. A sophisticated design of the system will allow access from anywhere in the world which helps to manipulate and send information through the world. Hence, the touch screen is reliable in assuring speed, data reliability, cheap and strong security. However, it is extremely reliable and main important thing is that no extra input device is needed. Touch screen gives fast and superior performance which is sufficient for file sharing, gaming, and high-speed access. As for security, touch screen will have software application that recognizes finger print. Traditional GUI and access can be three or four times expensive compared to touch screen. A both traditional ways and touch screen can be a good option for any company depending on the difficulty of accessing the information the company. However, touch screen is easier to install, more reliable and mobility is excellent where as traditional is more difficult to install with limited mobility. Reference [1].  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Brief Overview of Gesture Recognition by Charles Cohen. http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/CVonline/LOCAL_COPIES/COHEN/gesture_overview.html ; Accessed 7th, Nov, 2007 [2]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jean-Luc Nespoulous, Paul Perron, and Andre Roch Lecours. The Biological Foundations of Gestures: Motor and Semiotic Aspects. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, MJ, 1986. http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/CVonline/LOCAL_COPIES/COHEN/gesture_overview.html; Accessed 7th, Nov, 2007 [3].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GESTURE BASED INTERACTION; Steven Damer; http://www-users.itlabs.umn.edu/classes/Fall-2004/csci8980-1/slides/gesture.pdf; Accessed 7th, Nov, 2007 [4]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Computer Vision for Computer Interaction SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics magazine, November 1999 W. T. Freeman, P. A. Beardsley, H. Kage, K. Tanaka, K. Kyuma, C. D. Weissman. Also available as MERL-TR99-36. [5]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Computer Vision for Interactive Computer Graphics; IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol. 18, No. 3, May-June 1998; W. T. Freeman, D. B. Anderson, P. A. Beardsley, C. N. Dodge, M. Roth, C. D. Weissman, W. S. Yerazunis, H. Kage, K. Kyuma, Y. Miyake, and K. Tanaka. Also available as MERL-TR99-02. [6]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Computer Vision for Computer Games In 2nd International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, Killington, VT, USA. IEEE. W. T. Freeman, K. Tanaka, J. Ohta, K. Kyuma . Also available as MERL-TR96-35. [7]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gesture Based Interaction; Steven Damer; http://www-users.itlabs.umn.edu/classes/Fall-2004/csci8980-1/slides/gesture.pdf; Accessed 7th, Nov, 2007 [8]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gesture Glove Not Science Fiction;   LOS ANGLEES, Aug. 23, 2005; http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/08/23/eveningnews/main792311.shtml; Accessed 7th, Nov, 2007 [9]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An Evaluation of Two Input Devices for Remote Pointing; Scott MacKenzie and Shaidah Jusoh; http://www.yorku.ca/mack/ehci2001.pdf ; Accessed 7th, Nov, 2007 [10]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gyration, Inc., Saratoga, California. http://www.gyration.com/ ; Accessed 7th, Nov, 2007 [11]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bluewand. A versatile remote control and pointing device; Thomas Fuhrmann , Markus Klein, and Manuel Odendahl; http://i30www.ira.uka.de/research/documents/p2p/2003/fuhrmann03bluewand-KiVS.pdf ; Accessed 7th, Nov, 2007 [12]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Florian Vogt, Timothy Chen, Reynald Hoskinson, Sidney Fels; A Malleable Surface Touch Interface; Human Communication Technologies Laboratory; The University of British Columbia; http://hct.ece.ubc.ca/publications/pdf/vogt-chen-hoskinsin-fels-SIGGRAPH2004.pdf; Accessed 7th, Nov, 2007 [13]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gerald D. Morrison; A Camera-Based Touch Interface for Pervasive Displays; SMART Technologies Inc., 1207 – 11 Ave. SW, Suite 300, Calgary, AB, Canada T3C 0M5; http://ubicomp.algoritmi.uminho.pt/perdisplay/docs/Morrison-Camera%20Touch_SV_Rev1.pdf; Accessed 7th, Nov, 2007;

Rock N Roll And Technological Advancements Media Essay

Rock N Roll And Technological Advancements Media Essay Just in the middle of the 20th century, in the1950s, the world was introduced to a brand new trend in music. That was rock N roll. Rock N roll seriously changed the concept and image of popular music. This new trend originated from rhythm and blues of 1940s together with jazz, swing, boogie woogie, blues, gospel, western, country and traditional country music. With so many old genres being emerged and mixed, there was also a need for a new sound, for a new power of music reaching as many ears and hearts as possible. Thus, technological advancements were just at the service of rock n roll. One of such crucial advancements was the development of stereophonic sound: at least two separate audio channels were used to transfer sound through two or more loudspeakers. This technology provided the illusion performance heard from different directions and audible perspective. In this way, reproduced sound became closer to natural hearing. The principle of stereo typing looks like putting two microphones in specially defined locations. Both microphones are recording at the same time, synchronously. In fact, stereo sound was invented already in 1881 when the visitors of Paris Electrical Exhibition could here the performance from the stage of Paris Opera due to the 2-channel audio system presented by Clement Ader. The exhibitors were given two telephonic receivers, independent for each ear and could experience the presence effect. In 1931 multinational music company, the EMI Group and specifically Alan Blumlein special two-channel system and in 1933 patented stereophonic recording technology cutting a stereo disc carrying two channels by means of two walls of the groove put t right angles. But only in 25 years this method was fated to become a standard one for stereo phonographs. To make stereo available for public, Emory Cook introduced a binaural recordings for commercial reproduction as the interest to such recording and demand for proper equipment was growing. By autumn of 1957 stereo recording became really widespread through the United States. It gave vast opportunities for experiments with sound, so the musicians could not help using them actively. Consequently, both African American Blues and rock n roll music were highly varied after stereo was introduced. By that time, the same stations broadcasted both mono and stereo sound sources. As Deanna R. Adams states, stereo recording of contemporary music w as becoming more common, providing yet another reason that made FM more attractive and by different reasons high-fidelity stereo transmission was becoming more and more popular (Adams 102). Further, there were crucial shifts in the quality of music delivery. Rock n roll opened the new era with stereo vinyl becoming the prevailing media for all the recorded music. Meanwhile, the Germans invented magnetic type and this was a new word to high fidelity recording with synchronized multichannel method. Hereby, tape recorders came from technological experiments conducted in Germany of the World War II times. In the United States, in turn, a high-quality tape recorder was installed by Ampex Corporation. Plastic tape was perfected by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing (3M), and better sound was also reached through the invention of condenser microphones (Biagi 92). Recording was invariantly important because, certainly, not everyone could attend stage concerts or shows. Magnetic tape made the recordings more long-term in use and easier to spread; so, more and more people could here the same music in different corners of the country and were more and more stimulated to buy tapes and tape recorders. Thus, it was a continuous process of scaling: Its interesting to note that with the growth of popularity in music spread, brought about largely by the hysteria surrounding Rock n Roll, so the technology to support music picked up the pace too. It means that it was a reciprocal exchange of benefits. Technologies provided new opportunities for sound recording and distribution as well as quality of sound, while better sound influencing the rating of rock n roll resulted in boom in production of those technologies. This is how music started the way of becoming a kind of business. Still, rock n roll was not as commercial as it may seem; on the contrary, musicians were really working hard in search of something new and fresh. Among other techniques, they directed their attention to various electronic effects. Electric guitar was one more gripping innovation of those days; Charlie Christian was first to record the instrument as a virtuoso, thus driving the whole nation mad. Electric guitar made the world of sounds richer, and what is more, it provided much louder sound so that more people could here it in the distance. Musicians exploited various amazing effects like distortion, fuzz and overdrive, all noisy and buzzy so much that even called doubts on whether it still was music. Guitar extortion was not accepted affirmatively; the ear was to get adjusted to it. But that was an era of sensory explosion; young people were actively experimenting with sensory-enhancing drugs, so that music was accepted as being right on the wave. Distortion in guitar was produced by transistor and diode clipping. While at first distortion was natural because amplifiers were low-fidelity and primitive, further, when rock was conquering the world, inventive musicians learnt to turn weaknesses of the instruments into virtues. Thus, intentional distortion was applied by poking strings or speakers with pencils, screwdrivers and even blazes. Shocking sounds, often reminding some voices like wolf howling or alarm, provided a special charm for rock music. Distortion gained mad popularity after Dave Davies (The Kinks) recorded the single You Really Got Me through a small amp with speaker cone cut with a razor blade. Later distortion became used on purpose and became commercial and contributing essentially to the popularity of rock n roll music. Finally, one more influential advancement to contribute to the history of rock culture was television. In 1950s it experienced essential growth and was revolutionized by the presentation of color broadcasts. Color television without any doubt brought a huge gamma of new impressions to the viewers, and by 1955 half of the households in the United States had applied a TV set. Before creating something original, television air was mostly filled by programs modified from radio shows. Consequently, music shows were also among the most called-for, and rock star producers actively used this opportunity. Now the fans could not only here their favorite bands and singers in records, but they could also watch them with their own eyes. Television broadcasted concerts and gradually video clips were rising; musicians were giving interviews and millions of fans throughout the country could stick their noses to the screens and enjoy show programs as well as an imitation of personal communication wit h stars. It is obvious that color television provided much more realistic image. Television industry, on the one hand, became a home for rock to live in and to address from, and on the other hand it soon provided the songs with a new context. Television was a solid and inherent part of popular culture, while rock, by its mission, was to oppose to popular culture and found a new shooting mark for its sharp sting. Television together with radio made rock n roll a groundbreaking body in mass communication. Since the rise of color television, it was no more music only. Now it became a new media of manipulating peoples conscience and tastes. TV presented a new method for encoding and decoding information, developing absolutely new system of motivations and preferences. Inexperienced audience was ready to believe everything coming from the screens of their home TV sets, and their unprecedented interest gave birth to demanded activity (Miller, ed. 36). The more active they were, the more p opular were those who managed to get to the back side of the set. Rock became the music of performance, not only listening. All in all, there was a great number of factors defining and enhancing the fate of rock n roll culture. Apart from some inner reasons, advancements n technologies were among the most shifting stones that assisted rock and roll to spread throughout the world. All points of the research considered, it is easy to make a conclusion that the effect of technology progress on rock culture was truly overwhelming and did revolutionize the way we produce, distribute and consume music.

Stereotypes, Discrimination and Prejudice Essay -- Media Stereotypes S

Stereotypes, Discrimination and Prejudice If a young girl is walking alone through a park late at night and encounters three senior citizens walking with canes and three teenage boys wearing leather jackets, it is likely that she will feel threatened by the latter and not the former. Why is this so? To start off, we have made a generalization in each case. By stereotyping, we assume that a person or group has certain characteristics. Often, these stereotypical generalizations are not accurate. We are succumbing to prejudice by ?ascribing characteristics about a person based on a stereotype, without knowledge of the total facts?1. Usually, we have stereotypes about persons who are members of groups with which we have not had firsthand contact. We regularly make these stereotypical generalizations based on experiences we have had ourselves, seen in movies or television, read about in books and magazines, or have had related to us by family and friends. Though all these are equally significant roots for the stimulation of stereotypes, media however, is the giant force. Media propaganda is one of the main functions of society that projects stereotypical opinions or perceptions. One of the most powerful forces, propaganda in the media combined with stereotypes often act together to accomplish a homogenized and often misleading view about society and its people. Stereotype ? a conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image about groups of people on the basis of limited information. ?Television, books, comic strips, and movies are all abundant sources of stereotyped characters?2. Sometimes what we see on a certain television show, hear from someone or read about in a particular article, we form a ... ...). CNN.com. Online at: , consulted on March 28th, 2004. 8) ?After the Attack?The War on Terrorism? (2001). Online at: , consulted on March 29th, 2004. 9, 10) ?War, Propaganda and the Media? (2003). Online at: , consulted on March 30th, 2004. 11, 12) ?Conflicted Feelings About the Capture of Saddam? (2003). Online at: , consulted on March 30th, 2004. 13, 14) ?Hypocrites of America Crying Foul? (2003). Online at: , consulted on March 31st, 2004. Dictionary.com. Online at: , consulted on March 30th, 2004.

Luis Valdezs Los Vendidos Essay example -- History Historical Los Ven

Luis Valdez's Los Vendidos "Los Vendidos," which translates from the literal Spanish to "The Sold Ones" or a more appropriate translation of the title is "The Sell Outs." This is a satiric play written by Luis Valdez and performed by "El Teatro Campesino," which translates into "The Farmworkers’ Theater." El Teatro Campesino, founded by Luis Valdez in 1965, was a group of California farmworkers who put together "Actos," or "Skits." These "Actos" were made mainly to entertain "striking farmworkers, support them in their marches, and attract public attention to their strikes and organization" (http://www.pbs.org/chicano/bios/lvaldez.html). Though there is much comedy in the play, it brings about many important social issues that faced Mexicans and Mexican-Americans in the U.S. during the 1960’s. Even after almost three decades, these social issues are still apparent in Mexican-American society and others as well. While I was aware of such movements, such as the Black Panthers’ moveme nt observed in African-American history, I was never aware of the hardships facing Latin@s, such as Chicanos, in the U.S. By analyzing "Los Vendidos" through class readings, class notes, notes from a speaker, and Internet resources, I can easily further my understanding of a society that was in need of equality. In the first part of the video, our "Latin@s in the U.S.A." class was shown part of Chicano! The part of the video documentary that our class saw showed us a brief summary of what life was like for Mexicans in the 1960’s. The way Mexicans were treated by the U.S. government wasn’t fair. For instance this is seen, in Chicano!, when "journalist Ruben Salazar, who is the news director of KMEX and a columnist for the L.A. Times,... ...em did not want to go. After watching "Los Vendidos," and after laughing a little or a lot, all the underlying messages, or most of them, are jumping straight out of the film. The more the film is watched, the more the underlying messages you’ll find dwelling in this bed of knowledge and hidden beneath the sheets of comedy and sarcasm. At the end, we find out that Honest Sancho was the real robot and that all the people he was trying to sell were just acting. Each member in the lot feels for Eric, whose real name is Kiki, because he really did not want to leave with the secretary, Miss Jimenez. Though it seemed throughout the play that Chicanos did not know what to do, the last segment of the play clarifies all. By taking out a map, the Chicanos continue to work systematically figuring out how to disperse as many Chicanos to as many communities as possible.

Awakening Essay -- essays research papers

When Kate Chopin's "The Awakening" was published at the end of the 19th Century, many reviewers took issue with what they perceived to be the author's defiance of Victorian proprieties, but it is this very defiance with which has been responsible for the revival in the interest of the novel today. This factor is borne out by Chopin's own words throughout her Preface -- where she indicates that women were not recipients of equal treatment. (Chopin, Preface ) Edna takes her own life at the book's end, not because of remorse over having committed adultery but because she can no longer struggle against the social conventions which deny her fulfillment as a person and as a woman. Like Kate Chopin herself, Edna is an artist and a woman of sensitivity who believes that her identity as a woman involves more than being a wife and mother. It is this very type of independent thinking which was viewed as heretical in a society which sought to deny women any meaningful participation. The fact that Edna is an artist is significant, insofar as it allows her to have a sensibility as developed as the author's. Furthermore, Edna is able to find in Mlle. Reisz, who has established herself as a musician, a role model who inspires her in her efforts at independence. Mlle. Reisz, in confiding to Edna that "You are the only one worth playing for," gives evidence of the common bond which the two of them feel as women whose sensibilities are significantly different from those of the common herd. The French heritage which Edna absorbed through her Creole upbringing allowed her, like Kate Chopin herself, to have knowledge or a way of life that represented a challenge to dominant Victorian conventions. In Creole society, women are dominated by men, but at least the freer attitude toward sexuality allows a woman opportunities for romance which are lacking in Anglo-Saxon culture. But sexual freedom is of little interest to Edna unless it can be used as a means of asserting her overall freedom as a human being. Learning to swim is thus important to her, because it allows her to have more control over the circumstances of her own life through the overcoming of the dread of water and the fear of death which it symbolizes. Again, the process through which Edna attains liberation and, in the author's words, begins to "do as she likes and to feel as she likes," is a gradual one. From stat... ...otagonist, or the heroine. She dares to rebel against prevailing society, and even the very title of the book, as named by Kate Chopin, "The Awakening" is analogous to danger. Is the truth then so dangerous and horrific that one risks suicide? And if so, is this applicable to everyone? Similarly I would ask the question, if this were to be the case, or if even not, why is that most of the population is not committing suicide? Surely they are living lives which they would not prefer, for example, most people according to polls would not report their job unless they had to and were paid for it. Most marriages end in divorce. Indeed, the degree and level of suffering and pain throughout the populace is almost unfathomable. Perhaps, Ms. Chopin was living out a vicarious reality through Edna in committing suicide...and perhaps, this may be the underlying reason for the great reception which this novel has enjoyed...as well as staying power. Similarly, it has also been appointed a kind of jewel of the vanguard of women's rights. Indeed, "The Awakening" is one novel which exemplifies the attempt -- even realization -- of American womanhood's escape from personal and domestic bondage.

Does technology ensure progress? Essay

In this essay I will argue that technology does not ensure progress. The first main concept that needs to be clarified is ‘technology’. This paper acknowledges the concept ‘technology’ as being the application of science, especially to industrial or commercial objectives. The other key concept ‘progress’ in this essay is defined as a steady improvement, as a society or civilization. I am arguing that the concept of technology does not ensure the concept of progress because there are certain technologies that have hurt society in various ways. Furthermore, not all technologies ensure progress. Scientists have created various technologies for various reasons. It is evident that not all of these technologies are for the steady improvement of a society or civilization, but rather for personal gain. If a certain technology was invented to give a farmer a greater yield of crop, but this particular technology leads to the death of an ecosystem, then it is not progress in the sense it brings steady improvement to a society or civilization because it destroys the delicate balance of life and its biodiversity. The loss of biodiversity will hurt civilization in the long run because the foundations of life depend on it. Some people may think that certain technologies are the correct path for humanity, but certain technologies can manifest into things that people do not expect and hurt society by doing so. For instance, if scientists could predict that aliens would take over the earth if they invented a spaceship that could reach them, even though the scientists had not planned on finding earth invaders; surely they would have thought otherwise. This is an extreme example that has obviously not happened, but the birth of atomic energy is an example of technology that’s intended purpose of giving houses and industries power manifested itself into a bomb for the military. Some may argue that the atomic bomb ensured progress for the American’s and allied forces, yet surely the Japanese society where the bomb was dropped during the Second World War did not find progress with this technology because it killed many innocent people and destroyed infrastructure. Certain technologies are seriously destroying the natural world. This  ultimately does not lead to the improvement of a civilization, but rather is causing it harm. If technology keeps generating harmful gases and toxic chemicals which poisons the earth, then it is of no good to civilization because humans need to earth to survive. Some readers might object to me answering that â€Å"technology does not ensure progress†. Perhaps they believe if it wasn’t for technology humans may never have succeeded in being a dominant figure on earth and we would never have evolved enough to even ask the question in the first place. There are animals that are stronger, bigger, and faster then humans and external elements that can kill humans at ease, so by humans using technology to build defensive mechanisms or shelter for warmth it has ensured human survival in a world that can be unforgiving by natural things. If my concept of technology remained the same (the application of science, especially industrial or commercial), but the concept of progress changed to (development or growth) then one could answer ‘yes’ to the question; â€Å"does technology ensure progress†. This is evident in the manufacturing sector of our society where technology has enabled humans to build factories and warehouses to ensure development and growth of economics. The same could be said by keeping the concept of technology constant, but changing the definition of progress to (movement, as towards a goal). Scientist’s movement to create technology can be motivated by achieving goals. For instance, a certain product has to be on the market by a specific due date, otherwise the project will be terminated, so by scientists using technology and ensuring they get the job done they have moved forward and reached a goal. It is apparent that there are particular technologies that can help humans build a better society by keeping us warm and ensuring food to survive. However, certain technologies have manifested through the evolution of man that have unquestionably uninsured the progress of humans because it has brought harm to civilization through destruction and death. Perhaps scientists and the general public need to think long and hard about inventing certain technologies. This is all the more difficult because nobody can predict the future and certain technologies might seem like a  great idea at the time, but turn out to be a serious danger to all life on earth. This paper by no means is an indicator of which technologies are good for the betterment of society, but hopefully it will open the dialog between people to ask the question; which technology is ensuring progress?

Pain Measured Visual Analogue Scale Health And Social Care Essay

The reappraisal of related literature is a indispensable facets of scientific research. Its entails the systematic designation, contemplation, critical analysis and coverage of bing information in relation to the job of involvement. The intent of reappraisal of literature is to obtain comprehensive cognition and in depth information about the effectivity of ambulation on improve maternal comfort decrease of hurting perceptual experience, result of labor during first phase of labor. The intent of reappraisal literature is to obtain comprehensive cognition and in depth information about the effectivity of ambulation on maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience & A ; result of labor. The literature gathered from sole reappraisal is depicted under the undermentioned header. Section A: Literature related to trouble perceptual experience during first phase of labor. Section B: Literature related to assorted maternal places for maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor during first phase of labor. Section C: Literature related to ambulation to better maternal comfort, result of labor and cut down hurting perceptual experience. Section D: Literature related to non pharmacological hurting alleviation methods during first phase of labor for maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor.Section A: Literature related to trouble perceptual experience during first phase of labor.Campbell & A ; Kurtz ( 2004 ) conducted a descriptive survey characterized the labor hurting at two phases of cervical distension with selected group 78 labouring female parents and compared the hurting experienced at 2 phases of dilation ( 2-5 centimeter and of 6-10 centimeter ) with adult females in Greenville. Stage ‘s of hurting measured by Visual Analogue Scale, Present Pain Intensity, and the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and 1 experimental step, the nurse-rated Behavioural Index of Pain. The survey consequences revealed that there was important addition in hurting with increased dilation occurred for all female parents both prim and multigravidas. He concluded that labor hurting was equalin primi gravida th an the multigravidas. Lopez & A ; Pires ( 2000 ) conducted the randomized control trail survey was designed to measure the relationship between the parturients place and her abdominal and lumbar ( uninterrupted and contraction ) hurting during the first phase of labor. A homogenous group of 100 parturients was selected in obstetric section of a general infirmary, Argentina. Samples were indiscriminately assigned to alternately presume the horizontal or the perpendicular place for 15-min periods. Positions were safely selected by the parturients. Therefore, the female parent adopted ( a ) a self-elected place, ( B ) recumbent ( or erect ) , ( degree Celsius ) a self-elected place, ( vitamin D ) erect ( or recumbent ) , and so on. Pain strength was measured by the Argentine Pain Questionnaire ‘s Present Pain Intensity and the Huskisson ‘s ocular parallel graduated table. The findings revealed that a bulk of parturients felt less abdominal and lumbar hurting, either uninterrupted or due to contra ctions, during recumbency. The consequence was more singular when dilation exceeded five centimeters and less intense during the first half of the first phase of labor. He concluded that place may helpful to cut down the hurting degree during first phase of labor. Mikolajczyk, Sundaram & A ; Beaver Fraser ( 2010 ) conducted a study survey in aimed to analyze labor forms in a big population and to research an alternate attack for naming unnatural labour patterned advance. The survey were selected sum of 26,838 parturient, who had a singleton term gestation, self-generated oncoming of labor, vertex presentation, and a normal antenatal result in Maryland. An interval-censored arrested development method was used.The consequences revealed that Nulliparous adult females had longest and most gradual labor curve and get down the active stage after 5 centimeter of cervical dilation and may non needfully hold a clear active stage and multiparous adult females of different paras had really similar curves. Researcher concluded that active stage of labor may non get down until 5 centimeters of cervical dilation in multiparous and even later in nulliparous and after 6 centimeter distension merely the advancement in all gestation during labor. Niven & A ; Gijsbers ( 2004 ) conducted the exploratory survey aimed to analyze the nature, beginning, and effectivity of hurting get bying schemes used during childbearing with 51 British adult females was assessed around the clip of birth. Pain was measured by ocular parallel graduated tables and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Analysis of informations obtained in an drawn-out semi-structured interview. Subjects were found to utilize a scope of schemes during labor, many of which they had antecedently used to get by with hurting. In findings that the entire figure of schemes used in labor was negatively correlated with degrees of labor hurting.Section B: Literature related to assorted maternal places for maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor during first phase of laborAndrews CM & A ; chrzanowski ( 1985 ) Conduct a randomised clinical test to measure the maternal comfort by supplying assorted unsloped places in 40 laboring adult females ‘s randoml y assigned to either unsloped recumbent place. During the stage of maximal incline of labor. When the cervical distension from 4cm to 9cm, Every hr during the stage of maximal incline. The research worker examined each sample vaginally to find her cervical distension and assessed her degree of comfort by utilizing maternal comfort appraisal tool the adult females in unsloped place group had significantly shorter stage of maximal incline of in labor and easing uterine contractions & A ; increasing comfort to the female parent. Bauer et Al ( 1987 ) Conducted a comparative survey to measure the effects of standing place and supine place on self-generated uterine contractions and other facets of labor in 20 normal term female parents they were given by standing and supine place frailty versa with the clip continuance of 30 proceedingss the research worker examined each sample every 30 proceedingss for cervical distension and hurting perceptual experience. The research worker found that the strength of contractions was significantly higher in 15 out of 20 female parents in standing place frequence of contraction diminished and Reduced continuance of labor.the research worker concluded that there is no inauspicious effects and complications in standing place during labor. Carlson ( 1999 ) in an article a survey by supplying different maternal places to measure the comfort position foetal out semen & A ; duet ion of labor. In 80 gravida I unsophisticated female parents. The places chosen by female parents. The research worker found that the different places improved maternal comfort & A ; fetal out semen. & A ; cut down length of labor. Chen shin-zon ( 2003 ) in an article stated that a survey to measure the effectivity of sitting place on labour hurting during first phase of labour.the research worker found that in sitting place the increased resting force per unit area in the sitting place is of some importance in the supplementing the down ward bringing force and increasing bearing down force per unit area in the sitting place could assist to significantly shorten the continuance. Gupta et Al ( 2000 ) In an article stated survey To measure the safe birth good maternal & A ; fetal out come by supplying unsloped places at Birmingham adult females ‘s infirmary Edgbaston, UK the places adopted natively by adult females during birth has been described as early 1882 by Engel am. The research worker found that by supplying assorted unsloped places [ like keeping Rope, delivering chair, hardhearted, crouching ] the female parent will hold safe birth decreased perinatal jobs. Liu ( 2003 ) conducted a descriptive survey to measure the cut down continuance of labor by supplying up right places in 68 primi gravida female parents between the age of 18 to 25 old ages were assigned to three groups. One group used a 30 grade unsloped place with no bearing down instructions and 2nd group used a 30 unsloped place with bearing down instructions the research worker found that the unsloped place enhanced the descent caput with shorter continuance of labor in both first and 2nd phase of labor. May berry et Al ( 2003 ) in an article stated descriptive survey to measure the facilitating advancement of labor by supplying assorted unsloped places. At New York university. The survey sample is 74 laboring healthy adult females. Supplying unsloped places for all adult females. The research worker founded that easing advancement of labour decrease of vaginal hemorrhage better neonatal out semen. Miquelutti et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a explanatory survey to measure the effectivity of unsloped place during first phase of labor during first phase of labor to better obstetrical and perinatal result. The research worker allotted 50 four adult females for experimental group. They were given unsloped place and other 50 three adult females in control group they were given supine place.the difference between two groups were evaluated by utilizing I†¡2 will coxon and fishers exact trials significance was p & lt ; 0.05 hazard ratio is 95 % . The research worker concluded that the unsloped place during first phase of labor will cut down continuance of labor. Roberts et Al ( 2005 ) stated that systematic reappraisal to cut down instrumental bringing by supplying up right places during labour.in Centre for perinatal wellness in Sydney.the survey participles were 281 gravida I female parents in that 166 experimental group provident up right places & A ; its control group in accumbent place each trail is analysed by utilizing meta analytic techniques. The research worker concluded that the up right place during labour important decrease of instrumental bringing & A ; continuance of labour perinatal injury & A ; bleeding. Roberts & A ; Malasonos ( 2003 ) conducted a randomised clinical test by supplying sitting in a chair and a side lying to measure the maternal comfort & A ; uterine efficiency among 19 gravida I female parents alternated between these two places at 30 minute interval for as long possible during labour locating place during early labor [ cervical distension less than 6cm † ] and prevarication on their side in late labor [ cervical distension greater than 6cm † ] . The research worker found the uterine efficaciousness less in the locating place than in side lying place and besides locating place will better maternal comfort. Sandi ( 2001 ) conducted dual blind survey to measure the continuance of labor by supplying unsloped place in selected parturient at the Negress oriental provincial infirmary the research worker provided 45 degree unsloped place the aestivator found that Reduce maximal length of labor in both first & A ; 2nd phase of labor and good new born out comes. Streamer et Al ( 2005 ) conducted that Randomized control test of evaluate the rotary motion of fetal caput by supplying Hands & A ; Knee places for occipito posterior place to occipita anterior during labor. In 13 labour units in university attillated infirmary survey participates were 147 laboring adult females with a occipito posterior place in that 70 were custodies keep place at least 30 min over per 1hour the experimental group and 77 were control group. ( No custodies knee positioning ) The research worker used extremist echography to happen out fetal caput rotary motion. Head rotary motion following one hr. The research worker conclude that the experimental group had important decrease in relentless back hurting, changing of fetal caput to occipito posterior to occipito anterior place and other results like decreased operative bringing and decreased perennial injury and besides good foetal out semen. And the control group have the comparative hazard of operative bringing. vino kiln spectators ( 2003 ) stated that instance control survey to measure the maternal and neonatal out come by supplying assorted places. At section of OBs & A ; gynecology of the university infirmary viema between 1997 -2002 entire survey participants were 714 drudging adult females. 307 adult females were control group supplying supine place & A ; 307 were experimental group supplying unsloped places ( crouching & A ; other alternate birth places. The analysis was restricted to 37 hebdomads normal sized fetus & A ; cephalic persecution with out any medical ( or ) obstetrical hazard the research worker found that unsloped place associated with good effects such as a lower rate of episiotomy, and decreased usage of medical analgesia & A ; Pitocin.Section C: Literature related to ambulation to better maternal comfort, result of labor and cut down hurting perceptual experience:Hemmiki et Al ( 1985 ) conducted a pilot survey to measure the maternal comfort & A ; length of labor by s upplying ambulation vs. oxytocin disposal. The research worker selected 50 seven female parents indiscriminately assigned control group & A ; experimental group.the research worker used as randomized control test for this survey. the research worker provided ambulation for experimental group & A ; oxytocin for control group. In experimental group 60 % of the adult females in the ambulation delivered their babes with out Pitocin. The average length of first and 2nd phase of labor was reduced and besides they had positive results on the other manus the control group.they are experienced stronger contractions before forcing and besides enduring from strong contractions. The research worker finds that ambulation will better maternal comfort, out semen of labor & A ; diminishing length of labor. Lawrence et Al ( 2009 ) conducted a randomised clinical test to measure maternal comfort & A ; lessening length of labor by supplying walking and unsloped places at Townsville infirmary Queensland Australia with the sample of 3706 pregnant gravida I female parents they were utilizing random and quasi random trying for comfort and experimental group in experimental group who are different unsloped place and walking the research worker concluded that the first phase of labor about one hr shorter than in a recumbent places and other results labour it will increase good being of female parents & A ; fetus Lupe et Al ( 1986 ) in an article stated that assess the consequence of ambulation during first phase of labor to cut down length of labor.and besides it will rush the advancement of labour.ambulation will better maternal satisfaction, and besides it will better maternal and fetal out semen. The research worker reported the ambulation reported the ambulation during labor will better greater maternal comfort and ability to digest labors and ability to digest labor hurting, lessening usage of anesthesia and analgesia. Read ja mitter et Al ( 1981 ) conducted a comparative survey to measure the effectivity of ambulation versus oxytocin disposal on better labour advancement. The research worker selected 14 female parents ( who failed augmentation in active stage of labor ) assigned eight female parents in experimental group, they were given ambulation and six female parents in control group, they were given oxytocin extract.the research worker used telemetry to supervise maternal and fetal status in foetus bosom rate and activity in female parent station of the caput, cervical distension, uterine activity contraction, frequence and efficaciousness. The consequences included labour advancement significantly better in ambulatory group the research worker concluded that ambulation is effectual than oxytocin. Souja et Al ( 2006 ) in an article a survey to measure to cut down the length of the first phase of labor by supplying ambulation and unsloped places at Brazil the research worker used Randomised control tests carried to measure the consequence of ambulation the research worker found that the ambulation in the first phase of labor will better maternal comfort & A ; cut down the length of labor. Stewart & A ; caldera ( 1984 ) conducted a survey meta analysis to measure the effectivity of maternal position on the advancement of labor. The research worker selected 275 labour adult females are indiscriminately assigned as control group and experimental group, control group were non given any specific place and experimental group were given ambulation. Radio telemetry was used to place fetal bosom rate the consequences included in ambulatory group shorter stage of labor and had maternal satisfaction, relived from hurting. The research worker concluded that there were significantly shorter labour stage of labour stage in ambulation group. William et Al ( 1980 ) conducted a clinical test to measure the effectivity of ambulation during first phase of labor on improve maternal and fetal result. The research worker selected 48 parturient female parents as experimental group they were given ambulation and another 55mothers are control group they were non given any ambulation. The consequences include the experimental group ( who are given ambulation ) shows improve maternal comfort, cut down hurting and better maternal and fetal result. The research worker concluded that the ambulation in first phase of labor will better maternal and fetal out semen. Wilson mi et al ( 2009 ) conducted a comparitive survey to measure the maternal comfort & A ; cut down instrumental bringing at Royal Hallam shire infirmary U.K on 1052 gravida I female parents. The research worker divided in to two groups. Ambulation for experimental group extradural anesthesia for control group the research worker found that there is difference in experimental group than control group ambulation will better maternal comfort & A ; Reduce length of labor.Section D: Literature related to non pharmacological hurting alleviation methods during first phase of labor for maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor.Labreque & A ; Novmen ( 2000 ) conducted a randomized survey to measure the effectivity of non pharmacologic attacks to relief the low back hurting. The probe selected a sample of 30 four adult females by utilizing three non pharmacological attacks line intradermal saline H2O injections, trans cutaneal electrical nervus stimulations, stand ard attention including back massage, whirl pool bath and broad mobilization. The research worker indiscriminately assigned 1 of 3 interventions. The research worker used ocular parallel graduated table.The adult females ‘s were self evaluated both strength and effectual. The research worker used to measure satisfaction by utilizing labour a aristocracy graduated table and bringing satisfaction index. The consequences included. The adult females received intradermal unfertile H2O injections group. Unpleasantness of hurting lower than standard attention group. While the teens group ( P= 0.01 and P= .003 ) similar consequences were observed for strength P= .01 and unpleasantness P=.03 hurting assessed merely earlier bringing.The research worker found that there is no important difference between all 3 group but first group has received back hurting during labor. Lee & A ; Chang Jiang bent ( 2000 ) conducted a quantitative survey to measure the effectivity sp6 G-Jo on labor hurting and bringing clip in labour the research worker selected randomized clinical test at university attached infirmary with the sample size of 75 labour adult females indiscriminately assigned n=36 were experimental group n=39 were control group harmonizing to para, cervical distension, rupture of membranes and labour phase. the research worker include 30 proceedingss acupressure on sp6 acupoint was performed labour hurting was measured four times utilizing structured questionnaire and ocular parallel graduated table. instantly after intercession and 30-60minutes after intercession there were significantly difference between the group in subjective labor hurting tonss at all clip points instantly after intercessions ( p=0.012 ) 30 proceedingss after intercession ( p=0.021 ) and 60 proceedingss after intercession ( p=0.012 ) the entire labor was significantly shorter in experimental group. The research worker concluded that sp6 G-Jo was effectual in diminishing labor hurting Simkin & A ; Ohra ( 2004 ) Conducted a qualitative survey to measure the effectivity of non pharmacological methods on labor hurting alleviation maternal satisfaction other obstetric labor. By giving non pharmacologic hurting alleviation methods. At North America in selected infirmaries. The probe used five non pharmacological methods. Those are continuos labour support, touch, bath massage, maternal motion and posters. And intra cuticular H2O blocks for back hurting alleviation. The probe found that all methods are effectual to cut down labor hurting.Increase, maternal comfort and out semen of labor. Toumarie & A ; Theauyomeau ( 1982 ) In an article on G-Jo on labor hurting alleviation.the research worker used randomized control test for survey to use G-Jo over lumbosacral country during first phase of labour the research worker found that the G-Jo will relief from labour hurting during first phase of labour death usage of anodynes. Water & A ; Raiser ( 2002 ) Conducted a survey to measure the effectivity of ice massage on labor hurting the research worker selected Hispanic and white pre labour adult females as a survey sample. The research worker used ice massage of the G-Jo energy meridian point big bowel and ( L 14 ) to cut down labour hurting during contractions ( L 14 ) is located at median mid point of tegument between pollex and forward finger. The research worker chosen pre & A ; post prove design and which used 100 mm ocular parallel graduated table and MC Gill pain questionnaire ranked numerically, verbally to mensurate hurting degrees. Participants noted a hurting decrease mean on the VAS of 28.22 on the left manus & A ; 11.93 millimeter on the right manus. The research worker concluded that ice massage is a safe, effectual, not invasive method of cut downing labour hurting.